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Sources

The cards and the report rest on these 42 published studies. Numbers in brackets in your report point to this list.

The studies behind the cards

  1. Galla, B.M., Duckworth, A.L. (2015). More than resisting temptation: Beneficial habits mediate the relationship between self-control and positive life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(3), 508-525. doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000026 (opens in a new tab)
  2. de Ridder, D.T.D., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F.M., Baumeister, R.F. (2012). Taking Stock of Self-Control. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 76-99. doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418749 (opens in a new tab)
  3. Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C.H.M., Potts, H.W.W., Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998-1009. doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674 (opens in a new tab)
  4. Neal, D.T., Wood, W., Drolet, A. (2013). How do people adhere to goals when willpower is low? The profits (and pitfalls) of strong habits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 959-975. doi.org/10.1037/a0032626 (opens in a new tab)
  5. Denson, T.F., DeWall, C.N., Finkel, E.J. (2012). Self-Control and Aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 20-25. doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429451 (opens in a new tab)
  6. Burnette, J.L., Davisson, E.K., Finkel, E.J., Van Tongeren, D.R., Hui, C.M., Hoyle, R.H. (2014). Self-Control and Forgiveness. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 443-450. doi.org/10.1177/1948550613502991 (opens in a new tab)
  7. Pronk, T.M., Karremans, J.C., Overbeek, G., Vermulst, A.A., Wigboldus, D.H.J. (2010). What it takes to forgive: When and why executive functioning facilitates forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(1), 119-131. doi.org/10.1037/a0017875 (opens in a new tab)
  8. Patrick, H., Neighbors, C., Knee, C.R. (2004). Appearance-Related Social Comparisons: The Role of Contingent Self-Esteem and Self-Perceptions of Attractiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(4), 501-514. doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261891 (opens in a new tab)
  9. Sirois, F.M., Kitner, R., Hirsch, J.K. (2015). Self-compassion, affect, and health-promoting behaviors. Health Psychology, 34(6), 661-669. doi.org/10.1037/hea0000158 (opens in a new tab)
  10. Tangney, J.P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., Gramzow, R. (1992). Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(4), 669-675. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669 (opens in a new tab)
  11. Neff, K.D., Pommier, E. (2013). The Relationship between Self-compassion and Other-focused Concern among College Undergraduates, Community Adults, and Practicing Meditators. Self and Identity, 12(2), 160-176. doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649546 (opens in a new tab)
  12. Leary, M.R., Diebels, K.J., Davisson, E.K., Jongman-Sereno, K.P., Isherwood, J.C., Raimi, K.T. et al. (2017). Cognitive and Interpersonal Features of Intellectual Humility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 793-813. doi.org/10.1177/0146167217697695 (opens in a new tab)
  13. Crocker, J., Canevello, A. (2008). Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: The role of compassionate and self-image goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 555-575. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.555 (opens in a new tab)
  14. Bartlett, M.Y., DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and Prosocial Behavior. Psychological Science, 17(4), 319-325. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x (opens in a new tab)
  15. Bushman, B.J. (2002). Does Venting Anger Feed or Extinguish the Flame? Catharsis, Rumination, Distraction, Anger, and Aggressive Responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 724-731. doi.org/10.1177/0146167202289002 (opens in a new tab)
  16. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 (opens in a new tab)
  17. Fritz, H.L., Helgeson, V.S. (1998). Distinctions of unmitigated communion from communion: Self-neglect and overinvolvement with others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 121-140. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.121 (opens in a new tab)
  18. Satow, K.L. (1975). Social approval and helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11(6), 501-509. doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(75)90001-3 (opens in a new tab)
  19. Burrow, A.L., Rainone, N. (2017). How many likes did I get?: Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 232-236. doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005 (opens in a new tab)
  20. Verduyn, P., Lee, D.S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J. et al. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 480-488. doi.org/10.1037/xge0000057 (opens in a new tab)
  21. Dittmar, H., Bond, R., Hurst, M., Kasser, T. (2014). The relationship between materialism and personal well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5), 879-924. doi.org/10.1037/a0037409 (opens in a new tab)
  22. Belk, R.W. (1985). Materialism: Trait Aspects of Living in the Material World. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 265. doi.org/10.1086/208515 (opens in a new tab)
  23. Seuntjens, T.G., Zeelenberg, M., van de Ven, N., Breugelmans, S.M. (2015). Dispositional greed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(6), 917-933. doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000031 (opens in a new tab)
  24. Cohen, T.R., Wolf, S.T., Panter, A.T., Insko, C.A. (2011). Introducing the GASP scale: A new measure of guilt and shame proneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 947-966. doi.org/10.1037/a0022641 (opens in a new tab)
  25. Howell, A.J., Dopko, R.L., Turowski, J.B., Buro, K. (2011). The disposition to apologize. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(4), 509-514. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.009 (opens in a new tab)
  26. Trapnell, P.D., Campbell, J.D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284 (opens in a new tab)
  27. Wood, A.M., Linley, P.A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., Joseph, S. (2008). The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 385-399. doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385 (opens in a new tab)
  28. Rathus, S.A. (1973). A 30-item schedule for assessing assertive behavior. Behavior Therapy, 4(3), 398-406. doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(73)80120-0 (opens in a new tab)
  29. Crocker, J., Wolfe, C.T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108(3), 593-623. doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.593 (opens in a new tab)
  30. Simons, J.S., Gaher, R.M. (2005). The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 83-102. doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3 (opens in a new tab)
  31. Wrosch, C., Scheier, M.F., Miller, G.E., Schulz, R., Carver, C.S. (2003). Adaptive Self-Regulation of Unattainable Goals: Goal Disengagement, Goal Reengagement, and Subjective Well-Being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(12), 1494-1508. doi.org/10.1177/0146167203256921 (opens in a new tab)
  32. Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., Lehman, D.R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1178-1197. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1178 (opens in a new tab)
  33. Kristofferson, K., White, K., Peloza, J. (2014). The Nature of Slacktivism: How the Social Observability of an Initial Act of Token Support Affects Subsequent Prosocial Action. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(6), 1149-1166. doi.org/10.1086/674137 (opens in a new tab)
  34. McAdams, D.P., de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1003-1015. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1003 (opens in a new tab)
  35. Nadler, A., Chernyak-Hai, L. (2014). Helping them stay where they are: Status effects on dependency/autonomy-oriented helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(1), 58-72. doi.org/10.1037/a0034152 (opens in a new tab)
  36. Connelly, C.E., Zweig, D., Webster, J., Trougakos, J.P. (2012). Knowledge hiding in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(1), 64-88. doi.org/10.1002/job.737 (opens in a new tab)
  37. Helgeson, V.S., Fritz, H.L. (1998). A Theory of Unmitigated Communion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(3), 173-183. doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0203_2 (opens in a new tab)
  38. Hilbig, B.E., Zettler, I. (2009). Pillars of cooperation: Honesty–Humility, social value orientations, and economic behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 516-519. doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.003 (opens in a new tab)
  39. Hilbig, B.E., Zettler, I. (2015). When the cat’s away, some mice will play: A basic trait account of dishonest behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 57, 72-88. doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.04.003 (opens in a new tab)
  40. Sheldon, K.M., Ryan, R.M., Rawsthorne, L.J., Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big-Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1380-1393. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1380 (opens in a new tab)
  41. Bond, F.W., Hayes, S.C., Baer, R.A., Carpenter, K.M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H.K. et al. (2011). Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A Revised Measure of Psychological Inflexibility and Experiential Avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688. doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007 (opens in a new tab)
  42. Norton, P.J., Weiss, B.J. (2009). The role of courage on behavioral approach in a fear-eliciting situation: A proof-of-concept pilot study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(2), 212-217. doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.002 (opens in a new tab)

Further reading: knowing yourself

The ideas behind Why look at yourself this way, on how people come to know themselves.

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